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UDC 628.16.065
Belyak А. А., ZHAVORONKOVA V. I., SMIRNOV A. D., Lainer Yu. A., Milkov G. A.
Investigating the coagulating capacity of advanced aluminium-containing coagulants in natural water treatment
Summary
The results of testing three new coagulants developed at the A. A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Material Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences: two North-Onega bauxite-based coagulants and one red-mud-based coagulant are presented. The test results showed that the overall performance of water treatment with optimal dosages of the new coagulants was practically similar to the treatment with traditional aluminium sulfate, except for the red-mud-based coagulant that increased the concentration of iron ions in water after treatment.
Key words
turbidity , chromaticity , coagulant , iron , efficiency of treatment , natural water treatment
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UDC 628.196
Golovanchikov A. B., Yefremov M. Yu., Doulkina N. A.
Enhancing the removal of hardness and iron ions from water
Summary
The numerical calculation of the problem of determining the concentration of components in the flowing water and in the stationary solid state – ionite granules, is presented. For three cations, namely Ca+2, Mg+2 and Fe+2 subject to removal, the reduced concentrations in ionite and equilibrium concentrations in the treated water are calculated for each component. The calculations made show more than double increase of the surface coefficient of external mass transfer and of the volumetric coefficient of mass transport when the electric field intensity changes from 0 to 100 V/m. With that, the cycle operating time increases due to the increase of ionite exchange capacity use.
Key words
iron , water treatment , ion exchange , hardness ions , cathode , anode , ionite , exchange capacity , electric field , mass transfer
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UDC 628.161:544.723
DOI 10.35776/VST.2024.05.01
Gora Natalia, Belyaeva Oxana, Chernyshev Daniil, Golubeva Nadezhda
Study of the possible using carbon sorbents to remove iron from natural water
Summary
The paper considers studying the adsorption of iron from aqueous solutions by activated carbon. The data on the concentration of total iron in surface and underground water of the Kuzbass are presented. The results of the experimental studies of the adsorption of iron from aqueous media under static conditions with carbon materials of different price categories are presented. It was determined that the best of the sorbents under consideration for iron extraction was SKD-515. Herewith, ABG semi-coke cannot be recommended for further studies of iron adsorption. The approximate consumption of sorbent required to remove iron from water to standard values has been estimated. It has been established that, taking into account the cost, consumption of the sorbent and possible effective utilization in industry, Purolat-Standard semi-coke, a cheaper carbon material, can be used to remove iron from natural water.
Key words
iron , adsorption , natural water , carbon sorbents
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UDC 543.632.495
Medvedeva T. M., Kolokolova N. N., Skriabin M. E.
Investigating iron bacteria in catalytic biofilm in underground waters at the Velizhany water treatment facilities of Tumen
Summary
Underground water used for drinking water supply of Tumen is characterized by high concentrations of iron and manganese that 1.3–10.59 times exceed the maximum permissible level. Iron and manganese can be efficiently removed from natural water with the help of microbiological oxidation and sorption processes. The studies aimed at analyzing the underground source for the presence of iron bacteria group and determining the rate of catalytical biofilm formation. Water analysis for the presence of iron bacteria was carried out in sand filters of the Velizhany water treatment facilities by microscopic method with the use of iron cytochrome coloring with potassium ferrocyanide on exposed specimen slides. The slides were placed on styrofoam floats installed in the filters of the water treatment facilities. The results of the studies showed that the water from the underground source contained iron bacteria – they were found in catalytic biofilm. It was stated that the rate of biofilm generation with the participation of iron bacteria in sand filters of the Velizhany water treatment facilities at the media level was in average twice as high compared to the level of surface of the water being treated. Mass growth of iron bacteria on sand media proceeded for 8–12 hours; in the water being treated – for 22–24 hours. It might be caused by biological oxidation of iron and manganese at the media level. The studies carried out confirm the possible use of iron bacteria of catalytic biofilm in biological removal of iron and manganese from underground water at the Velizhany water treatment facilities.
Key words
biological treatment , ground water , iron , manganese , water treatment facilities , iron bacteria , catalytic biofilm , sand filter
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UDC 628.16
KINEBAS A. K., Feofanov Yu. A.
Modernization of the Zelenogorsk Water Supply Station is a Stage of Realization of the Regional Program Pure Water
Summary
The following works have been done within the limits of modernization of the Zelenogorsk water supply station (St. Petersburg): reloading of high-rate filters with installation of the new drainage system TRITON improvement of water aeration system (enrichment with oxygen in a pan aerator), and automation of technological process. The technique of water treatment for manganese at the second stage of the process with the use of catalytic oxidation in pressure filters containing the three-layered quartz sand, pyrolusite, and anthracite media has been introduced. The quality of water treated at the Zelenogorsk water supply station after its modernization meets the requirements of the Russian and European standards at all points.
Key words
cleansing , filtration , aeration , pressure filters , water-air flushing , ground water , oxidation , iron , manganese , anthracite , pyrolusite , quartz sand
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UDC 628.161.2:543.317(943.8)
DOI 10.35776/VST.2024.06.01
Raff P. A.
Some aspects of conditioning high-color river waters of the Far North
Summary
Some aspects of water conditioning of the Solza River at the water treatment plant in Severodvinsk are considered with an analysis of the quality of natural water for the period 2020–2023. The results of statistical processing of initial data on the river water quality are presented. The features of the chemical treatment of river water containing a high concentration of organic substances, and with the composition varying in dependence to the season, are considered. Based on statistical processing of the data for the 2020–2024 period in terms of color and permanganate index, the range of the color coefficient variation was determined. In the course of studies, the optimal pH range was established to provide for the minimum concentrations of residual aluminum in purified water.
Key words
chromaticity , iron , residual aluminium , permanganate oxidizability , humic and fulvic acids , colloidal admixtures , organic contaminants , color coefficient , coagulation purification
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UDC 628.16
Tsukanov N. A., Budykina T. A., Spitsyn E. N., Budykina K. Iu.
On the experience of applying DynaSand filters for drinking water deironing in Kursk
Summary
Drinking water supply of Kursk and the Kursk Area has been provided exclusively from underground water artesian sources because of the lack of affluent rivers and water bodies on the territory of the region. The given underground water is characterized by excess levels of ions of iron, manganese and hardness salts as well as by -radioactivity because of the specific geographical location and availability of the iron-ore deposit (Kursk Magnetic Anomaly). The basic method of water purification before supplying to the distribution network is disinfection with chlorine. In 2013 a drinking water deironing plant was put into operation with a capacity of 75 thousand m3/day. Water is preliminary chlorinated with sodium hypochlorite, then the generated iron hydroxide (III) sludge is removed by filtration in self-cleaning DynaSand filters manufactured by Nordic Water (Sweden). There is no analogue of deironing plant of such capacity with the use of DynaSand filters in Russia. Owing to the introduced technology the city of Kursk has been supplied with water of standard quality in relation to iron, manganese concentrations, and total hardness.
Key words
potable water , chlorination , deferrization , iron , manganese , aquifer , underground water source , self-cleaning DynaSand filter
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UDC 628.161.2:546.72/.711
Askerniia A. A., Korabel'nikov L. V., Moiseev A. V., Geras'kov S. S., Pavliuchenko D. I., Bodiagin A. O.
Special aspects of choosing the methods of single-stage deironing and demanganization of underground waters
Summary
Special aspects of choosing the methods of deironing and demanganization of underground water depending on the physical, chemical and microbiological properties in a single-stage water treatment process are described. The method of removing excessive concentrations of iron and manganese shall be chosen in the process of studies at the pre-project phase of front-end engineering and design. For underground water containing apart from manganese also iron mainly as oxides, the physical and chemical methods that combine pretreatment of raw water with a strong oxidant (sodium hypochlorite, ozone etc.) and subsequent filtration through chemically active material are most acceptable. Biological method of water deironing and demanganization is conditioned by the presence of microbiocenosis with the life cycle associated with the processes of iron and manganese oxidation in the ecosystem of the treatment facilities. The procedures of filter media inoculation with Crenothrix and Siderocapsa – Arthrobacter bacterial cultures are described. Based on the experience of operating «Vostochnyi-2» facilities for underground drainage water deironing and demanganization with a capacity of 25,000 m3/day in Krasnodar the use of the physical and chemical method of water treatment was justified. The results of operating a water treatment plant in «Yuzhnyi» settlement of Barnaul city show the efficiency of the biological method of underground water deironing and demanganization conditioned by the presence of microbiocenosis with the life cycle associated with the processes of iron and manganese oxidation in the ecosystem of the treatment facilities.
Key words
ground water , iron , manganese , iron bacteria , single-stage deironing and demanganation , catalytically active filtering material
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UDC 628.161.3:546.711
Alekseeva L. P., Kourova L. V., Alekseev S. E.
Specific features of using chemical treatment in removing manganese compounds from underground water
Summary
Many underground water sources in Russia used for drinking water supply are characterized by increased concentrations of iron and manganese. There are different chemical and nonchemical methods of underground water treatment. In some cases nonchemical methods of treatment cannot provide for the required drinking water quality. However, the use of chemicals for removing iron and manganese compounds makes the process more complicated and increases the cost of water treatment; therefore their use shall be substantiated and approved by technological studies. The aspects of removing manganese compounds from underground water with the use of chemicals in cases when it was stated that nonchemical methods were not efficient are considered. The results of studies on determining the efficiency of using oxidants, alkalizing and coagulating chemicals are presented. When using oxidants in removing manganese from water the range of optimal chemical dosages is relatively small. The efficiency of manganese removal with the help of oxidants increases with the increase of water pH. For more integrated removal of oxidized manganese compounds and other pollutants from water flocculants can be used in the process of water clarification.
Key words
chlorination , ozonization , deferrization , ground water , iron , manganese , coagulation , reagent
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UDC 628.161.3
Alekseev S. E., Alekseeva L. P., Kourova L. V.
Evaluation of the efficiency of different chemicals in removing iron and organics from underground water
Summary
The composition and quality of underground waters in different regions of Russia substantially differ. Most underground waters contain elevated iron concentrations. Iron from underground water that contains oxygen and high concentrations of organic substances (humic and fulvic acids) that cause the water color is most difficult to remove. Besides, in oil producing regions underground waters occur that contain pollutants of anthropogenic origin: oil products, phenols, amines etc. In the process of such water purification integrated methods shall be used to provide for eliminating organic and non-organic pollution. The results of the studies of removing iron complex organic compounds from underground water in the Nefteyugansk region by different chemical methods: oxidation, alkalization and coagulation are considered. The impact of the conditions of using chemicals on the underground water purification efficiency was determined. It was shown that in removing complex iron compounds from water strong oxidizing agents and alkalizing chemicals could be used. To eliminate humic substances and organic compounds of anthropogenic origin coagulating chemicals must be used.
Key words
ozonization , deferrization , ground water , chromaticity , iron , coagulation , permanganate oxidizability , organic substances
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UDC 628.161.2:678.046.36
Savochkin Andrei, Shilov Mikhail
Purification of underground water containing high concentrations of silicon, iron and manganese
Summary
The aspects of purification of underground water containing high concentrations of silicon, iron and manganese are considered. Different forms of silicon present in water are analyzed and the basic physics and chemistry of desilication are presented. The implementation of the technology of comprehensive purification of water containing high concentrations of silicon, iron and manganese is described. Through the example of three operating water treatment plants the negative effect of silicon on de-ironing and demanganation processes is shown. Two factors are accentuated that enhance the negative effect: the presence of organic admixtures in raw water and, possibly, higher degree of polymerization. Taking into account the application character of studies this presumption demands further study. The developed technology provides for water purification to drinking standard by every parameter. For the implementation of the technology dosing a great many of five types of chemicals (NaOH, Mg salts, NaClO, coagulant, flocculant) is required as well as large volume of sludge is subject to utilization. For this reason this technology is recommended for use only when an alternative water source is unavailable.
Key words
ground water , coagulation , iron , manganese , silicon , colloids , chemical precipitation , magnesium silicate
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UDC 628.16.094.3-926.214
Solntsev V. V., Shafit A. Ya., Romashkin A. V., Shouvalov V. I., Tarkhanova I. Yu.
The use of ozonation equipment for natural water treatment at the Far North
Summary
The results of many years developing, commissioning and maintaining water treatment plants with ozonation used for ferrous iron and manganese oxidation, elimination of both natural organics and organics of anthropogenic origin, showed the reliability and efficiency of Ozonia OZAT® ozone generators. Beginning from 2007 a number of plants with the use of ozonation equipment for northern surface (lake) water treatment have been commissioned. When designing and commissioning the plants the results of technological studies carried out were taken into consideration. It was found that the two-stage treatment technology with preliminary chemical clarification of water with the use of ozonation as a stage that ensured high quality of water was the most efficient.
Key words
potable water , oxidation , iron , manganese , ozone generator , water treatment , rotation camps
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UDC 628.16/.33
Tourevsky S. M., Konstantinov S. V.
The use of DynaSand self-cleaning filters and Johnson Lamella Separators
Summary
The description of Nordic Water Products AB equipment for water purification and domestic and industrial wastewater treatment is presented. DynaSand self-cleaning filters and Johnson Lamella separators are reliable, efficient and simple in operation; they ensure sustainable high quality treatment of raw water. Contact filtration technology has been a great success in different countries, even when used in adverse climatic conditions with various types of water and wastewater.
Key words
potable water , wastewater , chromaticity , coagulation , iron , manganese , aluminium , self-cleaning filter , separator
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UDC 628.147.22:620.197.3
Portnova T. M., Veremey T. A., Bekrenev A. V., KINEBAS A. K.
Stabilization of corrosive water at the Petrodvoretz water treatment plant
Summary
In order to prevent corrosion in steel water distribution pipelines pilot tests of a water stabilization system fed with water from the South water treatment plant of Saint-Petersburg were carried out at the Petrodvoretz water treatment plant. During the entire period of chemical dosing steel passivation was achieved which provided for the tendency for iron concentration decrease at the test points of the Petrodvoretz water distribution network.
Key words
potable water , iron , calcium chloride , sodium carbonate , secondary pollution , corrosion activity , water stabilization system , network test point , passivation
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UDC 628.16.094.7
Seliukov Aleksandr
Stabilization treatment of underground waters in the Tyumen North Region
Summary
The necessity of stabilization treatment of underground water used for potable water supply of the Tyumen North settlements is substantiated. The expediency of adding alkaline agents in the process of stabilization at the existing water treatment facilities in particular, is shown. Caustic soda is recommended as a stabilization agent. The in-process tests were carried out with water from Novomikhailovsk and Altymsk aquifiers that are most often used for potable water supply in the region.
Key words
iron , manganese , carbon dioxide , cold low-mineralized ground water , stabilization treatment , alkaline agent , caustic soda
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UDC 628.161
Portnova T. M., Keish V. S., Protasovskii E. M.
Construction of water treatment facilities in Diuny
and Molodezhnoe settlements of the Kurort District of Saint-Petersburg
Summary
In accordance with «The scheme of water supply and wastewater disposal of Saint-Petersburg for the period up to 2025 including the prospects up to 2030» SUE «Vodokanal of St. Petersburg» started building two water treatment plants in Diuny and Molodezhnoe settlements of the kurort District of Saint-Petersburg upon the project of «Lengiproinzhproekt» Institute. Underground water deposits of the «Solnechnoe – Diuny» and «Molodezhnoe» intermorainic aquifer located in the south-western part of the Karelian Isthmus were used as a water source. Underground water is characterized by the high concentrations of iron (up to 5 mg/l, manganese (up to 1 mg/l), and barium (up to 1.5 mg/l). As for the rest parameters artesian water meets the standards. Underground water is fresh, sodium bicarbonate by chemical composition with 0.06–0.27 g/l mineralization and less than 3 mg-eq/l hardness. The technology of removing iron, manganese and bromine from water in two-stage rapid filters with the use of catalytic oxidation in pressure filters of the second stage containing crushed pyrolusite media was introduced. The facilities designed and built according to the mentioned technology showed high process efficiency. As a result of the water treatment plants construction in Diuny and Molodezhnoe settlements the concentrations of iron, manganese and barium in the water supplied to the public water supply system meet the standards. The quality of drinking water meets not only Russian but also European standards.
Key words
filtration , aeration , pressure filters , water-air flushing , ground water , iron , manganese , anthracite , pyrolusite , quartz sand , bromine
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UDC 628.16.081:546.72/.711
Ryazantsev A. A., Glazkov D. V., Prosianikov E. D.
Removal of iron and manganese from natural water
Summary
The task of the study was investigating the impact of cavitation originating in low pressure devices of jet type on the kinetics of Fe2+ and Mn2+ ions oxidation as well as developing the method of chemical free removal of manganese and iron from natural water. The results of studies and the mechanisms of iron Fe2+ and manganese Mn2+ catalytic oxidation in water induced by cavitation are presented. The jet type device is equipped with a cartridge made in the form of a cone charged with crushed natural manganese mineral psilomelane or small steel chips. The particles of MnO2 and (or) FeOOH catalyst getting into water as a result of corrosion of the charge under the impact of cavitation become centers on which a Fe2+ and Mn2+ ions adsorption and oxidation take place. It was stated that under these conditions Fe2+ oxidation was not a limiting stage whereas complete oxidation of Mn2+ ions with the initial concentration of 2 mg/l occurs within 5 minutes. The fast manganese oxidation in the reactor charged with steel chips is caused by high Fe0 corrosion rate induced by cavitation and catalytic effect of structureless iron hydroxides that are formed during the charge corrosion. The obtained experimental data allowed designing a process flow scheme of manganese and iron removal from water that included a cavitation module and ceramic membrane filters operating in cross-filtration mode. The dimensions and size of a water treatment unit with a capacity of 60 m3/day have been calculated.
Key words
iron , manganese , natural water , demanganization , deferrization , catalytic oxidation , cavitation , cross-filtration
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