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UDC 628.312:54.01
Kofman V. Ya.
«Emerging contaminants» in water environment: international studies (review)
Summary
The scientific developments over a period of the late 1990-ies up to nowadays in the field of studies of the «emerging contaminants» presence in water environment are considered. Emerging contaminants include mainly pharmaceuticals, illegal drugs, ultraviolet filters, artificial sugar substitutes, biocides, their metabolites and transformation products as well as nanomaterials and micro(nano)-plastics. The progress in this field is now possible owing to the introduction of analytical methods based on liquid chromatography/mass-spectrometry into the laboratory practice. The method provides for identifying and determining polar contaminants in water environment, their metabolites and transformation products at the concentration level of ng/l. The applied mass-spectrometric detectors are characterized by the high sensitivity and selectivity. The improved techniques that provide for the higher efficiency of removing emerging contaminants from wastewater compared to the traditional processes are presented. Modern approaches to the evaluation of the toxicity of the contaminants under consideration in the situations when low concentrations of these substances in mixtures have a long-term impact on non-target organisms are discussed.
Key words
wastewater , aquatic environment , emerging contaminants , liquid chromatography/mass-spectrometry , contaminant transformation products
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UDC 628.3:629.7.058:658.562
DOI 10.35776/VST.2024.02.02
Ivanovich Vadim, Guranchik Aleksandr, Dubovik Ol’ga, Anufriev Vladimir
Automation of the technological processes of wastewater treatment: case study of the Minsk wastewater treatment plant of UE Minskvodokanal
Summary
The experience of UE Minskvodokanal in developing and establishing of automated control systems for the technological process of wastewater treatment is presented using the example of several structures of the Minsk wastewater treatment plant. The goals and tasks performed by the automated process control systems at the plant are described. The structure and operating modes of the implemented systems are presented. The stages of the wastewater treatment process are considered in detail: screening, sand removing and processing, supplying and distributing air across sections of the aeration tanks. As part of the automation of the presented treatment stages, the general design of the automated process control system is described, the operating features, the objects used and automation modes are given. Special attention is paid to the need for simple and reliable control algorithms. The ultimate goal of upgrading the automated process control system of the Minsk wastewater treatment plant is the maximum degree of automation and supervisory control covering the entire technological chain of wastewater and sludge treatment based on the simple and reliable principles.
Key words
wastewater , screens , sand catchers , algorithm of control , SCADA-system , aeration tanks , automation of technological processes , work station
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UDC 628.35:661.5
Smirnov Aleksandr Vladimirovich, Bogatyrev M. M., Ivanova Iu. A.
Wastewater treatment facilities of Adler city
Summary
The wastewater treatment facilities in Adler (Greater Sochi Area), some of the most modern facilities in Russia were built as a part of the Olympic infrastructure. The Adler wastewater treatment facilities were designed on the basis of innovative solutions: for the first time 3-D engineering was applied; the best available techniques were taken into account; zero emission system was implemented – all the facilities are covered by airproof covers; the air from the facilities is supplied to the gas cleaning system; sludge handling includes dewatering and drying; consequently the amount of sludge is reduced and sludge is disinfected. The process scheme stipulated by the project includes primary mechanical treatment of wastewater, full biological treatment, tertiary treatment and effluent disinfection. The system of generated sludge utilization includes mechanical dewatering in centrifuges with subsequent additional drying. The design concept behind the project formulated more than 10 years ago (2008 project) determined the development path of the advanced treatment technologies and served as an example of the wastewater treatment facilities built according to the principle of the best available techniques.
Key words
wastewater , best available techniques , sewerage treatment facilities , sludge utilization , discharge standard
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DOI 10.35776/VST.2021.06.05
УДК 628.16.081.32
Ahmed Sameh Abdelfattah Araby, Gogina Elena
Phenol adsorption on industrial activated carbon: evaluation of efficiency
Summary
The adsorption of phenol on activated carbon is considered one of the most efficient wastewater treatment systems. In this regard, the effectiveness of two Russian manufactured industrial activated carbon types in removing phenol from wastewater has been studied. The samples included powdered activated carbon (made from birch charcoal) and crushed activated carbon (made from coconut shells). The study was carried out under the conditions of pH variation and the effect of contact time and different initial concentrations of phenol on the adsorption process. The study was further expanded to clarify the adsorption kinetics and the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model. The results showed that activated carbon retained the maximum adsorption capacity over a wide pH range of 2 to 9. This fact proves the usability of coal for removing phenol from various wastewater types. The adsorption mechanism using both activated carbon samples followed the pseudo-second order and corresponded to the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity was 185.19 and 172.41 mg/g for powdered and crushed coal, respectively, suggesting a high efficiency of phenol removal from wastewater.
Key words
wastewater , phenols , adsorption , activated carbon , adsorption kinetics and isotherms
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UDC 628.35:661.5
Kevbrina M. V., Dorofeev A. G., Agarev Anton, KOZLOV M. N., Nikolaev Yu. A., Aseyeva V. G.
Anammox – an advanced technology of nitrogen removal from wastewater
Summary
The first in Russia Anammox-type technology has been developed in «Mosvodokanal» JSC in cooperation with «Fundamental Principles of Biotechnology» Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The technology is designed for the treatment of filtrate of centrifuges for digested wastewater sludge dewatering. The technology is based on the microbiological process of ammonium oxidation with nitrite under anoxic conditions. Since this process does not require organics Anammox can be considered as the most economical technology for processing industrial effluents in which organic matter is absent or in deficiency, for example, effluents of nitrogen-fertilizer plants, livestock or poultry production farms etc. Besides, studies are carried out and Anammox technologies are being developed for wastewater treatment at low temperatures (cold Anammox) as well as for using this process in common wastewater (not nitrogen-concentrated) treatment (Anammox in the main process line). Since anammox-bacteria are easily separated from liquid (being a part of immobilized biofilms or granules) and can be adapted to a wide range of operating conditions, Anammox technology without any doubt is a promising technology of removing nitrogen from different wastewater.
Key words
wastewater , pilot plant , anammox , ammonium removal technology , dewatering centrifuge filtrate , livestock production wastes , chemical plant effluents , low temperature
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UDC 628.35:661.5
Danilovich Dmitrii, KOZLOV M. N., Moyzhes O. V., Nikolaev Yu. A., KAZAKOVA E. A., GRACHEV V. A.
Anaerobic Oxidation of Ammonium for Removal of Nitrogen from High-Concentrated Wastewater
Summary
The first in Russia study of the technique of anaerobic oxidation of ammonium (ANAMMOX) applied for treatment of return flows from dewatering of digested sludge is described. The two-stage technique ANAMMOX with the use of two processes – partial nitrification and the process of anaerobic oxidation of ammonium itself – has been realized under laboratory conditions. Efficiency of nitrogen removal in a reactor was 90%, volumetric capacity of the reactor by nitrogen was 0,16 kg/m3 per day. Results obtained show that the process of autotroph removal of nitrogen is an attractive alternative technologically and economically to the traditional technique of nitri-denitrification.
Key words:
wastewater , nitrogen removal , ammonium , anaerobic oxidation , nitrification , denitrification , dewatering of fermented sludge
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UDC 628.316.12
Rublevskaya O. N., PANKOVA G. A., Leonov L. V., Kolosov D. E.
Approbation of Glint artificial aluminosilicate sorbent for tertiary treatment of biologically treated domestic wastewater
Summary
The results of pilot tests of synthetic aluminosilicate sorbent under Glint trademark in comparison with AG-3 granulated activated carbon are presented. The study was carried out with effluent from the North Wastewater Treatment Plant of SUE «Vodokanal of St. Petersburg». The following parameters were determined in the effluent samples: рН, suspended solids concentration, phosphate as P, anionic surfactants, ions of iron, zinc, aluminium, nickel, copper and manganese. Glint sorbent is aluminosilicate granular material with effective surface and contains exchangeable ions of calcium and magnesium. Glint material proved itself in the treatment of industrial wastewater contaminated with heavy metal ions but not contaminated with organics and complexing compounds.
Key words
filtration , wastewater , aftertreatment , heavy metals , activated carbon , aluminosilicate sorbent
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DOI 10.35776/MNP.2019.09.07
UDC 628.356
Bazhenov V. I., Ustiuzhanin A. V., Koroleva Ekaterina
Aeration for wastewater biological treatment: updating foreign terms and abbreviations
Summary
The study of domestic and foreign methods for aeration tanks evaluation and their design guidelines is presented. The analysis of modern approaches to the calculation of treatment facilities indicates that the calculated air flow rate is determined in accordance with the oxygen demand of the biological process for the oxidation of organic compounds, nitrification and denitrification. International terms and abbreviations have been adapted to Russian analogues taken in conjunction with the theory of oxygen mass transfer, as well as the international guidelines for the design of wastewater treatment facilities. The difference between the field (experimentally measured) and calculated (determined for the design) parameters OUR and AOR, SOTR and SOR is explained. Balance equality between OTR and AOR is an optimal and economical design solution. It is noted that the use of updated international terms and abbreviations in tender and competitive procedures (during design and delivery) will simplify their implementation and ensure mutual understanding between the parties. The need for regulation of the air supply to aeration tanks is justified by the balance of oxygen «consumption – transfer». In dynamic conditions for regulated systems OTR → OUR. With the automated maintenance of the set point for the concentration of dissolved oxygen this condition provides for the savings in energy consumption.
Key words
wastewater , biological treatment , nitrification , denitrification , aeration tank , aeration system , oxygen mass transport , terms , abbreviations , air flow rate control , OUR , AOR , OTR , SOTR , SOTE
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UDC 628.179.2
Aksenov V. I., Galkin Iurii
Zero waste VIZ-Stal’ LLC recycling system of industrial water supply
Summary
The history of developing the first in metallurgy zero waste recycling system of industrial water supply of a transformer steel cold rolling plant at the Verkh-Isetsk steelworks (Ekaterinburg) is described. Since building the plant was planned in the centre of the city with the population of 1.5 million people on the bank of the Verkh-Isetsk pond near the drinking water intake it was required to design a system of industrial water supply with complete elimination of the wastewater and industrial wastes discharge into the environment. The first step of developing the system was retrofitting a vitriol unit for the removal of environmentally hazardous wastes – spent concentrated pickling plant liquor. Hereafter the flotation technology of oil emulsion wastewater treatment was developed. In the course of experimental studies the efficiency of using clarifiers with suspended sediment in the process of removing palm oil from recycled water of the cold rolling mill was investigated. Most attention was paid to the technical solutions of processing the wastes generated in the process of industrial wastewater treatment. The unit for oil waste incineration was designed. Wastewater sludge was initially dewatered in the filter-presses, and then dried. Designing an evaporation plant for thermal desalination of blowdown water of the closed-loop cycles of the transformer steel cold rolling plant and wastewater from the chemical treatment of the thermal power plant effluent provided for the zero discharge of the entire industrial water supply system. The experience of the Verkh-Isetsk steelworks, particularly in relation to processing solid wastes and wastewater desalination, was used in designing efficient water supply systems for various industries including the upgrade of the Novolipetsk steelworks water supply system.
Key words
wastewater , desalination , steel industry , spent pickling plant liquor , zero discharge water supply system , environment
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UDC 628.17.001.4
Butusov M. M.
Zero waste processing of wastewater sludge – production of biocoke
Summary
Municipal wastewater sludge has been dominant anthropogenic waste. The problem of its utilization is typical for any city operating a modern system of wastewater treatment. The tasks of optimal sludge utilization have not been solved on the global scale so far. In European practice different, often non-optimal technical solutions depending on the severity of the national environmental standards are applied. In a number of European countries expensive sludge incinerators have been built that provide for thermal utilization of the bulk sludge volume. The generated energy is used in the central heating systems. This technology is considered the most advanced though up to now it has not been supplemented with a cost-efficient and environmentally substantiated technology of processing generated ash. In Russia the bulk of sludge is landfilled; however, the need of developing efficient and environmentally acceptable technology of sludge utilization has become imminent. Pyrolysis is a possible solution of low waste sludge processing with conversion into a useful product – biocoke. The technologies of pyrolysis organic waste processing have a number of advantages over incineration.
Key words
wastewater , sludge , waste utilization , sludge incinerator , pyrolysis , biocoke
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UDC 628.336.3
Butusov M. M., Komarov A. Iu., Pisarenko S. S., Кудерна Mаксимилиан, Pollak Michael
Zero waste processing of wastewater sludge – production of biocoke
Summary
An optimal method of wastewater sludge utilization has not been found so far. An advantageous method of wastewater sludge utilization (both economically and ecologically) can be production of biocoke – material that meets the following criteria: high concentration of pure carbon (more than 15–30%); low hydrogen concentration (H/C less than 0.2); the lack of organic toxicants; high porosity (about 40%); mechanical stability; good sorption properties. Method of production – pyrolysis at 400–900 °С temperature; raw material – organic wastes of different origin (wastewater sludge, agricultural wastes, milling wastes, poultry farm wastes). Biocoke can be used for soil conditioning, reclamation of solid waste landfills, reclamation of technogenic and abandoned territories for planting, mitigation of land erosion and desertization. Compared to other soil media biocoke has an advantage in the possibility of selecting material properties depending on the specific application. AktivIl Company has designed and commissioned a medium-scale multiple-hearth
pyrolysis reactor with a capacity of approximately 300 tons of biocoke annually; sludge from a wastewater treatment plant in one of the Moscow Area cities has been used as a raw material. Biocoke samples produced at different operating modes were analyzed and tested. The first results of the studies showed the possibility of reaching the required parameters of the product. The studies are going on within the frames of some national and international projects.
Key words
wastewater , sludge , waste utilization , pyrolysis , biocoke
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DOI 10.35776/VST.2022.12.08
UDC 628.316:544.772:614.446
Kofman V. Ya., Vishnevskii Mikhail, Baurina Aleksandra
Bioaerosols at wastewater treatment facilities: sources, composition, sanitary and epidemiological risks (a review)
Summary
Attention to the issue of bioaerosol emissions in the process of wastewater treatment has increased with reports about wastewater aerosolization as a potential source of SARS-CoV-2 virus exposure to the air during the recent COVID-19 pandemic; however, the impact of exposure to bioaerosols on the health of the people with compromised immunity, personnel of treatment facilities and population of adjacent territories has been reported earlier. Emission of bioaerosols occurs at various stages of the technological process (mechanical treatment, biological treatment, wastewater sludge treatment). The amount of bioaerosols formed depends on the hydrodynamic conditions of wastewater treatment, type of treatment plant (closed or open), wastewater composition, treatment technology used, technical characteristics of the equipment, capacity of the treatment facilities, operating conditions, aeration rate and mode, concentration of biomass and growth phase of microorganisms. Bioaerosols contain pathogenic bacteria including those resistant to antibiotics, fungi that are potential pathogens of mycetogenic diseases, as well as viruses that can survive for a long period of time in wastewater and are spread by airborne transmission. The applied methods of bioaerosol analysis provide data on the presence, size and viability of aerosol microorganisms; however, until now no standard methodology for sampling bioaerosols has been available. Thermal treatment and ultraviolet irradiation, the use of air filters and ventilation have become widespread among the means of preventing the formation and spread of bioaerosols. Various research in this area has focused on the use of granular activated carbon, floating plastic balls for water surface isolation, reactor surface vacuum treatment, wastewater sludge composting using membrane coating, the use of biofilters, and installation of wind barriers along the boundaries of wastewater treatment facilities and vertical gardening systems.
Key words
wastewater , viruses , bacteria , treatment facilities , bioaerosols , fungi
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UDC 628.355.2
Nikolaev Yu. A., KAZAKOVA E. A., GRACHEV V. A., Kevbrina M. V., Dorofeev A. G., Aseyeva V. G., Akmentina A. V.
Biological treatment of municipal wastewater and return flows with the use of granulated sludge
Summary
The experience of aerobic granulated activated sludge formation in the laboratory batch reactor by sedimentation selection with the use of flocculant is described. The sludge is used in the process of low concentrated municipal wastewater and sludge dewatering filtrate (centrate) treatment. The developed technologies of granulated sludge formation provide for the intensification of the wastewater treatment processes; and hence the reduction of the treatment facilities footprint is ensured alongside with the improvement of their operation, reliability and efficient performance.
Key words
wastewater , biological treatment , sludge index , granulated activated sludge , phosphate accumulating organisms
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UDC 628.353.001.2
Shuvalov M. V., Strelkov A. K., Shouvalov R. M.
Biological wastewater treatment in disk biofilters
Summary
The analysis of the results of investigating geometrical, physical, chemical and biological parameters of biofilm in disk biofilters alongside with domestic wastewater treatment efficiency with the use of disk biofilters at the existing wastewater treatment facilities is presented. The data on the disk biofilter process conditions are required for calculating this type of equipment when designing wastewater treatment facilities.
Key words
wastewater , wastewater treatment facilities , disk biofilter , biofilm , geometrical parameter , physical parameter , chemical parameter , biological parameter
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UDC 628.35
Stepanov S. V., Stepanov A. S., Gabidullina L. A., Dubov O. V.
Biological treatment of oil refinery wastewater in a biosorption membrane reactor
Summary
The basic process and kinetic regularities of biomembrane and biosorption membrane treatment of fuel and lube refinery wastewater are presented. The enhancement of denitrification process is suggested by reducing the dissolved oxygen concentration in the circulating flow of activated sludge by vacuum treatment. Summarizing the results of operating a pilot vacuumizing unit the more efficient use of biosorption membrane technology compared to the biomembrane method is shown. Single dosing of 1 g of powdered activated carbon per 1 liter of mixed liquor provided for reducing the mean monthly concentration of pollutants in permeate: in COD – from 68 to 49 mg/l; in BODfull – from 6 to 3.5 mg/l; in oil products – from 0.65 to 0.21 mg/l. The kinetic constants of the processes of eliminating the basic pollutants in membrane and biosorption membrane reactors were determined. It was stated that the specific oxidation rate in biosorption membrane reactors exceeded the similar indicators of membrane bioreactors only for easily sorbed substances – oil products and organic pollutants evaluated in BODfull. Vacuum treatment of circulating activated sludge during 5 minutes at minus 90 kPa pressure in a membrane bioreactor provided for 2-fold reduction of the dissolved oxygen concentration, improvement of the sedimentation properties of activated sludge (compared to the flow scheme without vacuum treatment) and the dissolved oxygen concentration less than 0.5 mg/l in the anoxic zone of the membrane bioreactor.
Key words
wastewater , nitrification , activated sludge , membrane bioreactor , denitrification , oil refinery , kinetic constant , activated carbon , biosorption membrane reactor
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UDC 628.31:661.5
MOROZOVA K. M., Stepanov S. V., Stepanov A. S., Sokolova T. V., Solkina O. S., Zhukova M. A.
Biological treatment of dairy industry wastewater in a membrane bioreactor (part 1)
Summary
The results of research study in the field of biological treatment of dairy wastewater are presented. The studies carried out under contact conditions showed that the kinetics of oxidation of dairy wastewater pollutants with activated sludge can be described by enzymatic reactions equation for substrate inhibition; at that, the obtained inhibition constants point at the increase of the wastewater toxicity after chemical flotation for biological treatment processes. The technology has been proved with simulative effluent in a pilot membrane bioreactor. The kinetic dependences of organics oxidation by BODfull, nitrification and denitrification were determined. The increase of oxidation capacity of the facilities by 1.46 at the sludge concentration increase from 4 to 10 g/l is shown that allows reducing significantly the size of the biological treatment facilities when using MBR technology. In the course of experimental studies at MBR plant and kinetic experiments under contact conditions the coefficients of inhibition with activated sludge metabolism products were determined for the simulative solution of wastewater by BODfull, for nitrification and denitrification. The temperature constant value for aerobic heterotrophic conversion, for nitrification and denitrification processes has been found.
Key words
wastewater , biological treatment , membrane bioreactor , activated sludge , kinetic constants , dairy factory
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UDC 628.31:661.5
MOROZOVA K. M., Stepanov S. V., Stepanov A. S., Sokolova T. V., Solkina O. S., Zhukova M. A.
Biological treatment of dairy industry wastewater in a membrane bioreactor
(part 2)
Summary
The technology of biological treatment of dairy wastewater is described that provides for meeting the standard maximum permissible concentrations for fishery water bodies. The results of the experimental studies in a pilot membrane bioreactor with real wastewater of «Pestravskii» butter factory are presented. The main process and kinetic parameters of the biological wastewater treatment processes have been obtained that are needed for designing a membrane bioreactor with nitrification-denitrification that provides for meeting the standard maximum permissible concentrations for fishery water bodies or requirements to the effluents discharged into a public sewer. The maximum specific rate of diary wastewater pollutants oxidation Vmax at 7 g/l activated sludge concentration and 20 °С temperature is 40 mg/(g·h), Michaelis constant Km – 15 mg/l, inhibition coefficient of metabolism products – 0.54 l/g, temperature constant X for aerobic heterotrophic conversion – 0.079 deg–1. Compared to the traditional treatment facilities the use of biomembrane technology at the wastewater biological treatment stage provides for 1.4–1.5 reducing the treatment time, reactor volume and footprint owing to the increase of the oxidation capacity of the aeration units by increasing the activated sludge concentration to 10 g/l; and ensuring almost complete removal of suspended solids by eliminating the tertiary treatment stage. Possible elimination of chemical flotation stage before biological treatment is shown that provides for reducing the expenditures for expensive chemicals and streamlining the process flow scheme.
Ключевые слова
wastewater , biological treatment , activated sludge , membrane bioreactor , kinetic constant , dairy factory
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UDC 628.35:661.5
Zoubov M. G., Boyarenev S. F., Zoubov G. M., Koulikov N. I., Shramov Yu. M., Litty Yu. V., Nekrasova V. K., Nozhevnikova A. N.
Wastewater treatment biotechnology with activated sludge immobilization and nitrogen removal
Summary
The data on the development and introduction of advanced wastewater treatment biotechnology with activated sludge immobilization and nitrogen removal with the use of Anammox bacteria are presented. On the basis of laboratory studies and pilot tests full-scale wastewater treatment facilities have been designed. Their operation provides for the high economic, environmental and social effect.
Key words
wastewater , biological treatment , nitrogen removal , activated sludge immobilization , anammox bacteria
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DOI 10.35776/VST.2022.01.05
UDC 628.336.3:544.723.21
Gorelaia Olesia, Romanovskii Valentin
Effect of the dose of the reducing agent on the properties
of magnetic sorbents from the deironing plant wastes
Summary
The results of the synthesis of sorbents prepared from the deironing plant wastes for the purification of oily wastewater using various doses of the reducing agent are presented. The reducing agent used was glycine, urea, citric acid, and hexamethylenetetramine with an «oxidizing agent – reducing agent» mole ratio equal to 1 (f = 1) and 3 (f = 3). The study and comparison of the properties of synthesized magnetic sorbents obtained at different initiation temperatures of an exothermic synthesis reaction with an «oxidizing agent – reducing agent» mole ratio equal to 1 (f = 1) and 3 (f = 3) were carried out: total static exchange capacity, specific surface area and oil capacity.
Key words
wastewater , water treatment , magnetic sorbent , wastes , доза восстановителя
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UDC 628.541:676
Miskevich I. V., Brovko O. S., Lichutina T. F.
Influence of Small Water Streams on Water Disposal Processes on the Example of OAO Solombalsky TSBK
Summary
Influence of streams and small rivers on pollution of a zone of mixing of runoffs of the Solombalsky pulp-and-paper plant and the ostiary water of the river of Northern Dvina by organic substances identified according to the parameter of chemical oxygen demand (COD) is considered. Presence of very high values of COD (100–403 mg/l) in water of streams with strongly boggy watersheds is revealed. Obvious domination of natural organics over its volumes in the enterprise’s runoffs is shown. When controlling the discharge of wastewater of pulp-and-papers plants into water objects it is recommended to take into account polluting substances of natural origin coming to the site of their dilution through small waterways (small rivers, streams and drainage ditches).
Key words:
wastewater , background and control alignment , pollution source , small river , stream , natural organic substances , chemical oxygen demand
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