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UDC 628.33
Gandurina L. V., Kvitka L. A., Nikitin R. A., Ansimov A. D.
Effect of dispersion characteristics of suspended solids
on the parameters of surface runoff treatment
Summary
Quantitative and dispersion characteristics of insoluble pollutants in rainfall and snow-melt water and its effect on the parameters of removing pollutants from water by sedimentation, chemical free and chemical filtration are considered. It is shown that the concentration of suspended solids in surface runoff multiply exceeds the concentration of oil products whereupon these pollutants are present in the form of two-component particles. In the particles oil products or inorganic admixtures can be adsorbed components, and during sedimentation of surface runoff suspended solids and oil products are being removed synchronically. The concentration and kinetic consistency of suspended solids from residential areas are lower than those from highways; which reduces the sedimentation time in the storage settling tank and concentration of pollutants in settled water. During 1–3 days of settling tank empting monotonic reduction of suspended solids concentration in settled water before filtration occurs. Fluctuation range depends on the sedimentation time in the settling tank, initial suspended solids concentration and tank empting time. The use of coagulants before filtration of settled surface runoff from highways provides for improving the treatment efficiency and obtaining sustained quality of filtered water.
Key words
settling , suspended substances , oil products , hydraulic size , surface runoff , filtration , kinetic consistency , coagulants , storage settling tank
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UDC 628.161.3.001.891.53
Strelkov A. K., Egorova Yu. A., Bykova P. G.
Selection of most efficient chemicals for water treatment
Summary
The Saratovskoe water reservoir has been the main water source of the Samara public water supply. The municipal water treatment facilities have been built after typical projects and designed for clarification and disinfection of moderately polluted water. Lately sharp suspended solids reduction and organic pollution increase (mainly of natural origin) in the water source have been observed. During flood periods technogenic pollution (surfactants) is present, the concentration of manganese increases, phenol is found. At low water temperature, high color and permanganate value higher doses of chlorine and coagulant are required. Coagulation at low temperatures is inhibited which results in the concentration of residual aluminium and permanganate value exceeding the maximum permissible levels. Higher chlorine dosages cause higher concentrations of chloroorganics in water. Therefore a chemical for using during flood periods that will provide for the required quality of water shall be selected. The results of the laboratory studies of selecting the chemical type and optimum dosage for water purification from the Saratovskoe water reservoir during flood periods are presented. Eighteen coagulant trademarks manufactured by domestic and foreign producers were investigated. The optimum dosages of coagulant and flocculant were defined. From the coagulant samples presented two were selected that could provide for the maximum drinking water clarification at minimum levels of residual aluminium and permanganate value. The final choice can be made on the basis of the technical and economic calculations taking into account the chemical price, delivery cost and required water quality.
Key words
turbidity , sedimentation tank , chromaticity , coagulant , flocculant , filtration , water treatment , residual aluminium , permanganate oxidizability
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UDC 628.316.12
SHVETSOV V. N., MOROZOVA K. M., Smirnova I. I., Domnin K. V., Arkhipova Elena
Extraction of heavy metal ions from municipal effluent after biological treatment
Summary
The results of investigating the extraction of heavy metal ions from the municipal effluent after biological treatment with the use zeolites (clinoptilolite and Glint granulated sorbent) are presented. The zeolite sorption capacity under static and dynamic conditions was investigated. It was shown that only the use of clinoptilolite provided for the elimination of heavy metals to meet the standards for fishery water bodies. A procedure of designing filters with clinoptilolite for the removal of metals from municipal effluent after biological treatment was developed.
Key words
wastewater , sorption , sorption capacity , filtration , heavy metals , zeolites , clinoptilolite
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UDC 628.336.41
Pokhil Yu. N., Bagaev Iurii, Ivanov N. A., Ivanov A. N.
Innovation Technology of Wastewater Sludge Dewatering at Sludge Beds
Summary
The technology of highly effective dewatering of wastewater sludge at sludge beds using the principally new flocculant «Сибфлок®» on the basis of polyethylene oxide and special facilities – wells for sludge water disposal is described. This technology has been tested at more than ten Vodokanals of Russia and Kazakhstan at facilities of 150–700 000 m3/day of wastewater capacity under the different climatic conditions. Sludge dewatering using the new technology makes it possible to obtain the sludge with moisture content of 70–75% and after predrying in a summer period – with moisture content of 40–60%. The technology is unified and can be easily included practically in any flow charts. Additional equipping of sludge beds needs minimal expenses. The sludge dewatered at sludge beds using the flocculant «Сибфлок®» get the properties inherent to natural soils, lend itself well to composting and other types of processing.
Key words
dehydration , sludge , flocculant , sludge beds , filtration , moisture contents , artificial soil
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UDC 628.16.8
Kichigin V. I., Strelkov A. K.
Study of underground water treatment technologies in the northern regions of Russia
Summary
The results of studies of possible use of the underground water treatment process scheme of one of the northern regions of Russia are presented. The versatile container plant includes: ozonators, electrical flotocoagulators, contacts clarifiers and rapid filters, sorption filters with various activated carbon media, membrane filter, UV-irradiation unit for water processing, chemical plant for feeding Aqua-Aurat™30 coagulant and Praestol flocculant to water. Raw water was described as low-turbid, colored, medium mineralized (mainly chloride-sulphatic-bicarbonate). The quality indicators of water surpassed the requirements of SanPiN in terms of color (72 degree platinum cobalt color scheme), turbidity (11.2 mg/dm3), flourides (2.2 mg/dm3), total iron (4.54 mg/dm3, including Fe2+ – 4.51 mg/dm3), manganese (0.11 mg/dm3). It was shown that water purification according to the scheme «ozonation-chemical filtration-sorption filter-UV-irradiation-membrane unit» provided not only for color and turbidity reduction but also for nearly hundred percent removal of manganese, fluorine and iron. This process scheme can be recommended for introduction at the water treatment plants.
Key words
ozonization , ground water , filtration , coagulation , polar zone , flocculation
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UDC 628.336.42
Zlatkovskii O. A.
EKOTON chamber-membrane filter presses
Summary
The wide range of chamber and membrane filter press application alongside with the design and control system improvements allow considering this type of equipment as a solution to numerous typical and special tasks of industrial slurry and wastewater filtration. At the same time the large variability of tasks necessitates designing a wide standard series of filter presses with different specifications. Individual filter press selection and manufacture suppose considering both filtration properties of particular slurry and the parameters of the operational flow scheme, mode of operation, site-specific conditions, production resource, characteristics of the related equipment, filter press place in the general layout of the filtration area.
Key words
wastewater , dehydration , capacity , filtration , moisture contents , suspension , filtering cake , chamber filter press , membrane filter press
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UDC 628.16
Fomina V. F., Fomin A. V.
Upgrade of horizontal sedimentation tanks with the use of dissolved-air flotation
Summary
The analysis of the efficiency of low turbidity colored water of the Vychegda River purification at the water treatment facilities of Syktyvkar in horizontal sedimentation tanks operating in the mode of coagulation at 2–3 times lowered hydraulic loading is presented. The necessity of upgrading the sedimentation tanks by redesigning their exit sections into flotation chambers is substantiated. The enhancement of the sedimentation tank operation by equipping with a flotation chamber provides for meeting the regulatory requirements to the drinking water quality under the conditions of significant seasonal fluctuations of the raw water quality indicators and temperature. Enhanced clarification of the water being coagulated is ensured before the filtration stage; at that the flow rate of backwash water decreases 3 times, the number of filter washes per day decreases to 0.5 times and less (filter run increases to 2 days and more). Backwash water purification together with raw water provides for streamlining the process flow scheme and chemical facilities (the number of chemical injection and dosing points decreases); facilitating the operation of the facilities, 8% operational expenses saving and plant demand decreasing to 3%. The upgrade of horizontal sedimentation tanks with the use of dissolved air flotation is more economically and environmentally feasible than the reconstruction of the two-stage filtration facilities. It provides for doubling the sedimentation facilities output, decreasing the amount of wash water and combined with raw water handling.
Key words
wash water , horizontal settling tank , filtration , pressure flotation , low turbidity colored water , hydraulic loading , water treatment plant
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UDC 628.161.3
FESENKO L. N., Ignatenko S. I., Fedotov R. V.
Desiliconization of drinking water by modified media filtration
Summary
A brief evaluation of water desiliconization technologies is given. The results of experimental investigations of eliminating silicic acid compounds from water by deposition on aluminum and iron hydroxides, contact coagulation in a granular bed and modified media filtration are presented. Activated aluminum oxide filtering media modified with 0.5% sodium aluminate solution attains twice as much sorption capacity (compared to media regeneration with alkali) in relation to orthosilicates. Herein 95–97% desiliconization efficiency is ensured alongside with simultaneous reduction of water hardness. Non-waste technology of underground water desiliconization with modifying chemical reuse and generation of crystalline dewatered alumosilicate used in ceramics production as process wastes was developed.
Key words
potable water , filtration , loading material , sodium aluminate , desiliconization , activated aluminum oxide , alumosilicate sludge
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UDC 628.16.081
Fomina V. F., Fomin A. V.
The experience of operating pressure flotation facilities for the purification of low-turbid colored water of the Vychegda River (on the occasion of 10 years of the startup of pressure flotation facilities
at the water treatment plant of Syktyvkar)
Summary
The results of operating the pressure flotation facilities with a capacity of 65,000 m3/day commissioned in May 2006 at the water treatment plant of Syktyvkar are considered. During 10 years the pressure flotation facilities have been successfully operating and ensuring high-level clarification of drinking water. The analysis of the main water quality indicators after each treatment stage showed that the pressure flotation method had been the most efficient for purification of low-turbid colored water of the Vychegda River. It is stated that during certain seasons color increase higher than 150–200 grades and temperature decrease result in complications with meeting the standard for permanganate oxidizability; therefore more detailed selection of chemical agents and dosage optimization is required. At the optimal coagulation operation mode the method of pressure flotation provides for enhanced water clarification to less than 1 mg/l turbidity which allows using filters as barrier facilities in case of turbidity breakthrough.
Key words
reagent treatment , coagulation , wash water , filtration , pressure flotation , low turbidity colored water
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UDC 628.212.2
Ganbarov E. S., GULIEV F. S.
Municipal surface runoff treatment in Baku
Summary
A number of problems related to establishing a centralized system of surface runoff treatment from built-up areas by the example of Baku under the conditions of the regulated inflow with the restoration of the functions of the operating separate wastewater disposal system are considered. A process flow scheme of the centralized treatment of surface runoff with placing treatment facilities in two locations has been developed. The location of one of the treatment plants is planned near the Azerbaijan Bay; it is designed for chemical free treatment by sedimentation and filtration of surface runoff from a group of sewers in the central part of the city in case of using part of the effluent for the municipal landscape irrigation; in case of discharging the effluent into the sea chemical treatment is applied. The second plant is planned to build outside the city on the basis of the operating treatment facilities of Zykh community with subsequent tertiary effluent treatment at the municipal treatment facilities. The efficiency of the basic elements of the surface runoff treatment and tertiary treatment scheme at the first plant was studied on the basis of the experimental tests of sedimentation and tertiary treatment by filtration through floating foamed polystyrene bed. Upgrade and re-equipment of the wastewater disposal systems is one of the most complicated engineering tasks focused on improving the environmental situation and protecting the municipal coastland from pollution with surface runoff. Establishing the scheme of surface runoff removal and treatment from the built-up Baku area with installing trunk storm sewers, separation chambers and regulating tanks will provide at last for the solution of the most important environmental problem.
Key words
storm sewers , trunk sewer , surface runoff , filtration , treatment facilities
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UDC 628.161.3
Fedotov R. V.
Removal of silicon compounds from underground water by filtration through a modified media
Summary
A brief analysis of water desiliconization technologies is given. The results of experimental studies on the removal of silicic acid compounds from water by filtration through a modified media are presented. It is shown that the use of a filtering media made of activated alumina modified with 0.5% sodium aluminate solution acquires a sorption capacity twice as high as the media regenerated with alkali in relation to orthosilicates, and provides for 95–97% water desiliconization while reducing in-parallel the water hardness. The sorption capacity of the modified activated alumina in relation to silicon is 16kg in terms of SiO2 per 1 m3 of sorbent, which is twice as much in silicon holding capacity compared with the technology of desiliconization by regeneration of activated alumina with caustic soda. The working exchange capacity of the modified activated alumina in terms of the absorbed total hardness is 300–350 g-eq/m3, which is comparable to sulfonated carbon and KU-1 cation exchanger. A non-waste technology of desiliconization of groundwater with re-using the modifying chemical agent generated in the form of dehydrated crystalline aluminosilicate as a commercial raw material for the production of ceramic products has been developed.
Ключевые слова
potable water , filtration , sodium aluminate , desiliconization , activated aluminum oxide , alumosilicate sludge , media modification
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UDC 628.16.081.32
Shishov S. Yu., Troshkova E. A., Zhukova V. I., SMIRNOV A. D., Davlyaterova R. A., Smagin V. A.
Improving barrier functions of the Metelevskii water treatment facilities of Tumen city
Summary
The results of the preliminary tests showed that during the periods of elevated pollution of the water source (the Tura River) with different toxicants, natural and anthropogenic odorants the process flow scheme with the use of specially prepared powdered activated carbon for the conditions of the Metelevskii water intake would be worth considering. The process flow diagram of the pilot test facility was designed that provided for modeling the existing water treatment technology at the Metelevskii water treatment plant. The pilot facilities included chemical treatment units, clarification units, filtration and disinfection units. During water treatment process modeling the chemical dosages used (ammonium sulfate, chlorine, aluminium oxychloride and polyacrylamide) were similar to those at the Metelevskii water treatment plant for the moment the tests were carried out. According to the results of the tests the trademarks of powdered activated carbon used were defined as most efficient for odor and toxicant removal (by example of phenol). Before dosing into the water the sorbents were specially prepared (following the technique of NII VODGEO) to provide for maximum exhibiting sorption properties in relation to the mentioned target components. Special pilot equipment designed at NII VODGEO allowed reproducing all the water treatment modes applied at certain facilities. This modeling provides for adjusting water treatment technology, developing new process solutions, selecting new chemicals and dosages without interrupting the operation of the basic facilities. The results of the tests and pilot investigations with the use of powdered activated carbon at the Metelevskii water treatment facilities to remove anthropogenic toxicants and odors are presented. Powdered carbon trademarks were selected; recommendations for designing powdered activated carbon unit were given.
Key words
clarification , reagent , filtration , powdery activated carbon , organics , water treatment facilities , phenol , odor control
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UDC 628.35
Ponomarev V. G.
Design and implementation of wastewater treatment projects
Summary
The analysis of technical solutions of surface run-off treatment process flow schemes is presented. The attention is focused on the necessity of selecting a treatment system in every specific case relying on the analysis of wastewater type and local drainage system. In addition the technological orientation of the local industries discharging their effluents into the municipal sewer shall be considered. One of the possible solutions of the given problem is the expediency of treatment of industrial effluents discharged into the storm sewer at the local treatment facilities located on the surface in a separate building or box at the industrial enterprise's premises.
Key words
settling , flotation , sorption , filtration , local treatment , retention basin-settler , underground treatment facilities
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UDC 628.316.12
DOI 10.35776/VST.2023.11.05
Stepanov S. V., Panfilova O. N., Doubman I. S.
Results of studying the removal of heavy metal ions from industrial wastewater
Summary
The results of studies on the removal of heavy metal ions from acid-base wastewater of electroplating industry by neutralization, sedimentation and filtration are presented. During a laboratory experiment carried out with processing real acid-base wastewater of one of the enterprises in Samara with caustic soda, the optimal pH range found was 9.8–10.6. Using a flow through model of a vertical settling tank, the calculated hydraulic size of the suspension generated during the alkalization of the given wastewater category was determined that can be taken as 0.28 mm/s. The level of heavy metal ion removal in the process of galvanic wastewater treatment according to the flow scheme «pH adjustment – settling tank – filter with granular media» was experimentally determined in mg/l as: total iron 0.42–0.97; copper 0.028–0.087; nickel 0.016–0.073; zinc 0.047–0.28; cadmium 0.006–0.016. At the same time, the requirements for receiving industrial effluents into the Samara municipal sewer were met only for iron; whereas, the concentrations of other metals ranged from 0.85 to 13.3 shares of the permissible concentrations; therefore, in order to achieve the established standards, additional treatment was required, for example, by sorption.
Key words
wastewater , hydraulic size , filtration , galvanic production , heavy metal ions , neutralization
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UDC 628.16
Gandurina L. V., Kvitka L. A., Shakhgaldian M. K.
Reducing color of natural water with the use of organic coagulants
Summary
The results of studies of the effectiveness of reducing color of low-turbid natural water by filtration with the use of organic coagulants of domestic trademarks: VPK-402, Kaustamin-15 and Biopag are presented. It is shown that the decrease in color of natural waters with organic coagulants occurs mainly due to coagulation processes at low alkalinity close to zero, and chemical interactions of the polyanion of humic acids with the coagulant polycation with alkalinity more than 1.2 mmol-eq/l. It was determined that the optimal doses of organic coagulants increase with a decrease in molecular weight in the series VPK-402 < Kaustamine-15 < Biopag and an increase in alkalinity of the treated water; whereas with an increase in hardness – decrease. In the alkalinity range of 1.2–2 mmol-eq/l the specific consumption of coagulants VPK-402 and Kaustamin-15 increases from 0.04–0.06 to 0.12 mg per degree of initial color while low-molecular Biopag coagulant practically does not change and is 0.09 mg/degree. The dispersion of the formed particles of the suspension increases with a decrease in the hardness of the treated water, an increase in alkalinity and the concentration of low molecular weight fractions of humic acids in water being purified which is accompanied by an increase in color of the purified filtered water. It is shown that the standard decrease in water color below 20 degrees is achieved by removing coagulated particles with a size of more than 0.3 microns in the process of filtration.
Key words
turbidity , chromaticity , coagulation , natural water , filtration , hardness , alkalinity , organic coagulants
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UDC 628.113:624.131.41
Fomina V. F.
Water Humus Composition of the Vychegda River at Water Intake Site of the City of Syktyvkar
Summary
The Vychegda river is the main source of water supply for Syktyvkar. The water is characterized by low turbidity and high color, it contains ferrum and has low alkalinity and mineralization. During the autumn-winter period the water delivered to treatment facilities has a temperature of below 1 ºC. The swampiness of the river basin has an essential influence on water humus forming. The composition of humic substances adding the color to water is studied. It is defined, that fulvic acids compose the substantial part of humic substances. Color indices values for the main fractions of humic substances are defined. The influence of a seasonal composition and properties of humic substances and temperature conditions on water coagulation is proved.
Key words
suspended substances , chromaticity , flotation , humus , coagulant , filtration , river water
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UDC 628.161.3
Zhurba M. G., Govorova Zh. M., Petrov Iu. V., Govorov O. B.
The technology of water purification from the source in conditions of high anthropogenous impact (substantiation, design, introduction)
Summary
The concept of «efficient water purification» is suggested, the selection criteria are set out. Process flow diagram of water abstraction and purification facilities has been designed including: primary water purification with removal of suspended solids and phytoplankton in prefilters with floating media; chemical water treatment in the process of clarification in lamella plate clarifiers and filtration in two-stage filters with inert and heavy media with regular addition of fine-granulated sorbent between the stages; combined water disinfection with the use of weak sodium hypochlorite solution and uv-radiation. The results of pre-design testing the technology of the Don River (the Bol’shaia Kalancha river arm in conditions of high anthropogenous impact) water purification at the test bench are presented. Chemical free water filtration in prefilter media provides for reducing phytoplankton loading approximately by 26–38% and suspended solids loading by 10–35% at the basic facilities at less than 50 m/h filtration rate. Uniform and efficient mixing and floc formation are provided within 0.5–1.5 and 10–15 minutes, relatively, at the speed of the mixer blade rotation of 185 and 60 rpm and recommended coagulant dosage of 2.5 mg/l (10 mg/l in case of sharp deterioration of the water quality). The operation of a nanofiltration plant during the period of water quality deterioration ensured reducing hardness, total dissolved solids, sulfate and chloride concentrations. The basic process parameters of separate units of the process flow scheme that provide for reliable compliance with the standard water purification degree are defined. Based on the study results the recommendations on designing were developed and the water abstraction and purification facilities with a capacity of 150,000 m3/day were designed. At present the facilities are under construction.
Key words
reagent treatment , suspended substances , phytoplankton , natural water , filtration , anthropogenous impact , efficient water purification technology , water abstraction and purification facilities , pre-design testing
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