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Number 4 / 2025
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UDC 628.164
DOI 10.35776/VST.2025.04.01
Gandurina L. V., Krivenko Maksim, Erkhov Aleksandr
Enhancement of suspended matter sedimentation in the process of chemical softening of natural water
Summary
The kinetics of water clarification in process flow schemes with separate processes of chemical softening and water sedimentation during softening with sodium hydroxide in the presence of mineral additives (loam, calcium carbonate, generated sludge), as well as with the use of flocculants is considered. It was demonstrated that adding calcium carbonate or sludge from the settling tank at the stage of the chemical reaction provided for the increase of the hydraulic size of the resulting suspension and, accordingly, for the 2–3 times reduction of the subsequent water clarification time by settling. The maximum reduction in turbidity of purified water (1.34 mg/dm3) by settling is achieved using calcium carbonate. Adding anionic or nonionic flocculants after the completion of the precipitation reaction of hardness salts with sodium hydroxide provides for reducing the turbidity of water during settling
to 4–4.7 mg/dm3. The total hardness of treated water is 0.55–0.7 degrees.
Key words
flocculants , settling , turbidity , softening , hydraulic size , natural water , hardness , alkalinity , sodium hydroxide method , mineral additives
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UDC 628.161.2
DOI 10.35776/VST.2025.04.02
Propol’skii Dmitrii
Filtering materials for de-ironing and demanganation of underground waters: selection criteria, varieties, and application environment (a review)
Summary
To ensure uninterrupted and high-quality water supply of cities and populated areas, complying with the requirements of the regulatory documents and standards is mandatory. Violating the standards during water treatment leads to rapid wear of water supply systems, and also produces a negative impact on human health while consuming poor-quality drinking water. Reducing the concentration of iron and manganese in drinking water is one of the most important tasks in water treatment in a number of countries. Based on a review of literary sources, the main criteria for selecting a filter media are considered; types of filtering materials used for underground water de-ironing and demanganation, and the application environment are described. Anthracite and activated carbon are the optimal filtering materials for the operation of filters. These natural materials with the properties studied are available, and widely used in water treatment processes. The synthesis of new catalytic filtering materials is promising for iron and manganese removal from groundwater. The variety of materials will allow changing the characteristics and morphology depending on the purposes of water treatment.
Key words
filter , deferrization , oxidation , ground water , demanganization , technology , removal of iron and manganese , filtering media
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UDC 628.339:66.081.2
DOI 10.35776/VST.2025.04.03
Ponomarev V. G., Sokolov Sergei, Ulanovskii Iakob
Study of hydromechanical regeneration of Carbon NWC CC 12×40 activated carbon by passing through a hydraulic elevator
Summary
The results of studying the grain strength and recovering the sorption properties of Carbon NWC CC 12×40 activated carbon are presented. The possibility of high-rate washing of activated carbon filters was studied. The hydraulic parameters of air washing of carbon were specified in a large pilot filter model. It is recommended to carry out washings with a water feed rate of 10–15 l/(s·m2), and air – up to 15 l/(s·m2). Simultaneous feeding water and air is not permitted. Possible using hydromechanical regeneration of Carbon NWC CC 12×40 activated carbon by passing the pulp through the nozzle of a hydraulic elevator was demonstrated. After the hydraulic elevator the pulp flow returns to the filter, where water wash is simultaneously performed. Occasionally hydromechanical washing is recommended at intervals determined experimentally with the analysis of selected carbon samples. Carbon losses are about 5%. The size of the working carbon fractions is 2–3 mm. While using the developed hydromechanical regeneration method, the concentration of suspended solids in the source water should not exceed 5 mg/l, provided the parameters of wearing, grindability and sorption capacity of carbon are monitored.
Key words
hydrocyclone , sorption , efficiency of treatment , sand filter , Carbon NWC CC 12×40 activated carbon , hydraulic elevator , media grindability and wearing , hydromechanical regeneration of filter media
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UDC 628.221
DOI 10.35776/VST.2025.04.04
Volkov Sergei, Luk’ianchuk Maksim, Zhukova Anastasiia, Solokhin Anton, Kuz’min Valentin, Zhitenev A. I., Rublevskaya O. N., Gvozdev V. A., Erofeev Vasilii, Kostenko I. G., IGNATCHIK V. S., Ignatchik S. Iu., Kuznetsova N. V., Seniukovich Mikhail, Eshchenko Andrei
Justification of the optimum alternative of the wastewater disposal system of St. Petersburg adapting to the conditions of the joint effect of urbanization and climate change
Part 2. Results of substantiation of the optimum alternative
Summary
A specific feature of operating combined wastewater disposal systems (including the St. Petersburg wastewater disposal system) during periods of heavy overrating rainfall is the exceedance of daily wastewater volumes over the daily capacity of the treatment facilities. The degree of excess amount increases with an increase in the average period of the rain frequency. In case of considering only the elements of the «grey» infrastructure as adaptation measures, then the excess of wastewater should be accumulated or discharged through overflows. Hydraulic simulation of the St. Petersburg wastewater disposal system confirms the shortage of accumulation tanks. For example, when rain falls with a 20-year recurrence for the right-bank sewer basin, then the accumulation capacity deficiency is 700 thousand m3. Herewith, for rains with a recurrence of 0.5 years, additional tanks are not required. While developing adaptation measures, an alternative to constructing accumulating tanks, that is, «grey» technologies, is the introduction of «green» technologies in the form of biological retaining systems. A list of alternative adaptation measures was substantiated by hydraulic dynamic simulation. As a result of the economic comparison of the alternatives, the optimum alternative was substantiated for a period of a single excess of the estimated 5-year rainfall intensity. It was established that in case of implementing the entire list of the adaptation measures, the probability of wastewater discharge into the municipal water bodies through the controlled emergency outfalls and all overflows will decrease to 0.2%.
Key words
surface runoff disposal system , flooding , adaptation measures , calculated parameters of rains
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UDC 628.316.12:544.726
DOI 10.35776/VST.2025.04.05
GERASIMOV M. M., Belyak А. А., Sverdlikov Aleksandr, SMIRNOV A. D., Popov Konstantin
Estimation of the effectiveness of Sokirnit zeolite in removing ammonium ions at the quarry wastewater treatment facilities of Vostochno-Beiskii razrez, LLC
Summary
The article presents the results of tests on tertial treatment of real quarry wastewater with different ammonium ion concentration by filtration using Sokirnit type 1 natural zeolite. The tests were carried out with three samples of real wastewater in a laboratory setup that provided for the precise reproducibility of all conditions during the experiments. It was found that the dynamic exchange capacity related to ammonium ions was affected by their concentration in the crude wastewater with a design contact time with zeolite of 10 minutes. Preliminary proposals for adjusting the design process flow scheme and modes for quarry wastewater treatment at the treatment facilities of Vostochno-Beiskii Razrez LLC were developed.
Key words
efficiency of treatment , clinoptilolit containing zeolite , ammonium ions , treatment technology , quarry wastewater
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UDC 628.35
DOI 10.35776/VST.2025.04.06
Kasperovich Viktoriia
Biological treatment of highly concentrated wastewater
from environmentally friendly toilet facilities in a rolling stock
Summary
Russian Railways has been operating over 8,200 passenger carriages equipped with environmentally friendly vacuum-type toilet facilities. The object of the study was wastewater from environmentally friendly toilet facilities of a rolling stock in the repair and servicing shop of the Moscow Railways. The pilot test objective was developing a process flow scheme of wastewater treatment based on aerobic biological treatment in bioreactors with HPDE PP plastic media to achieve the standard effluent quality for discharge into the municipal sewer system. The studies were carried out in three series-connected periodic pilot bioreactors. The pollution indicators in the wastewater at the inlet of the pilot unit were: BOD5 2230 mg/dm3, COD 4530 mg/dm3, ammonium ion 1740 mg/dm3. The achieved purification efficiency of the pilot unit as for BOD5 was 91%, for COD 91%. The obtained data allow to recommend implementing the proposed treatment process flow scheme in a full-scale flow through mode, and conducting further studies of nitri-denitrification with account of using disinfectants for the effluent of environmentally friendly toilet facilities of the rolling stock.
Key words
biological treatment , bioreactor , high concentrated wastewater , environmentally friendly vacuum-type toilet facilities , rolling stock
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UDC 628.32:66.081.63
DOI 10.35776/VST.2025.04.07
Pervov Aleksei, Spitsov Dmitrii, Kulagina Anna, Tet Zo Aung
Minimizing the flow of the membrane unit concentrate
in the process of surface runoff and drain water treatment and reuse
Summary
Possible treatment of surface runoff and drain water collected from the territory of an industrial enterprise using the method of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration is studied. Reuse of effluents provides for eliminating the payment for the environmental damage resulting from discharges into surface water bodies. The studies on determining the possible use of a membrane nanofiltration system for surface runoff and drain water treatment and reuse in preparing feedwater for water-heating boilers are described. An important characteristic of the technology is the minimum acceptable flow of membrane unit concentrate discharged into the sewer. The results of experiments are presented that provide for determining the intensity of calcium carbonate crystallization in the channels of membrane units, as well as the results of studying with a scanning electron microscope the formation of crystals in the concentrate flow.
Key words
reverse osmosis , nanofiltration , scaling on membranes , surface runoff and drain water of industrial sites , water treatment schemes with membrane use , reducing concentrate flow in reverse osmosis units
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