UDC 628.161.2
DOI 10.35776/VST.2025.01.03

Propol’skii Dmitrii

A review of achievements in water treatment with regard to deferrization and demanganation

Summary

To provide the population with drinking water, it is necessary that the quality of purified water meets the standard requirements. The absence of an appropriate water supply source or the use of drinking water with exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants subsequently harms human health. Besides, a deterioration in the operation of water supply systems occurs as a result of corrosion, deposits and blockage of pipes. One of the major problems of groundwater treatment is the increased concentration of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn). The existing methods of iron and manganese removal from water and the conditions of their application are described. In addition, a comparative analysis of the methods is carried out and promising areas in this area are considered. It has been established that all the existing methods of iron and manganese removal either have or require a filtration stage. The use of a catalytic layer of modified media in filters provides for achieving higher purification and filtration rates that will reduce the expenditures of water treatment plants and the cost of purified underground water.

Key words

filter , oxidation , ground water , demanganization , deferrization , removal of iron and manganese , фильтрующая среда

For citation: Propol’skii D. E. A review of achievements in water treatment with regard to deferrization and demanganation. Vodosnabzhenie i Sanitarnaia Tekhnika, 2025, no. 1, pp. 18–26. DOI: 10.35776/VST.2025.01.03. (In Russian).

The further text is accessible on a paid subscription.
For authorisation enter the login/password.
Or subscribe

REFERENCES

1. Choong T. S., Chuah T. G., Robiah Y., et. al. Arsenic toxicity, health hazards and removal techniques from water: an overview. Desalination, 2007, v. 217 (1–3), pp. 139–166.
2. Aziz H. A., Tajarudin H. A., Wei T. H. L., Alazaiza M. Y. D. Iron and manganese removal from groundwater using limestone filter with iron-oxidized bacteria. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2020, v. 17, pp. 2667–2680.
3. Corbera-Rubio F., Laureni M., Koudijs N., et. al. Meta-omics profiling of full-scale groundwater rapid sand filters explains stratification of iron, ammonium and manganese removals. Water Research, 2023, v. 233, pp. 119805.
4. Cheng L. H., Xiong Z. Z., Cai S., Li D. W., Xu X. H. Aeration-manganese sand filter-ultrafiltration to remove iron and manganese from water: Oxidation effect and fouling behavior of manganese sand coated film. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2020, v. 38, pp. 101621.
5. Hamer K., Gudenschwager I., Pichler T. Manganese (Mn) concentrations and the Mn-Fe relationship in shallow groundwater: implications for groundwater monitoring. Soil Systems, 2020, v. 4 (3), p. 49.
6. Dettori M., et al. The revised European Directive 2020/2184 on the quality of water intended for human consumption. A step forward in risk assessment, consumer safety and informative communication. Environmental Research, 2022, v. 209, pp. 112773.
7. Vries D., Bertelkamp C., Kegel F. S., et. al. Iron and manganese removal: Recent advances in modelling treatment efficiency by rapid sand filtration. Water Research, 2017, v. 109, pp. 35–45.
8. Van Beek C. G. E. M., Hiemstra T., Hofs B., et. al. Homogeneous, heterogeneous and biological oxidation of iron (II) in rapid sand filtration. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA, 2012, v. 61 (1), pp. 1–13.
9. Breda I. L., Ramsay L., Søborg D. A., Dimitrova R., Roslev P. Manganese removal processes at 10 groundwater fed full-scale drinking water treatment plants. Water Quality Research Journal, 2019, v. 54 (4), pp. 326–337.
10. Yushchenko V., Velyugo Е., Romanovski V. Influence of ammonium nitrogen on the treatment efficiency of underground water at iron removal stations. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 2023, v. 22, pp. 100943.
11. Romanovski V., Romanovskaia E., Moskovskikh D., et. al. Recycling of iron-rich sediment for surface modification of filters for underground water deironing. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2021, v. 9 (4), pp. 105712.
12. Yushchenko V., Velyugo Е., Romanovski V. Development of a new design of deironing granulated filter for joint removal of iron and ammonium nitrogen from underground water. Environmental Technology, 2023, v. 1–8.
13. Гришин Б. М., Андреев С. Ю., Бикунова М. В., Малютина Т. В., Титов Е. А. Очистка подземных вод от трудноокисляемых форм железа. – Пенза: Пензенский государственный университет архитектуры и строительства, 2015. 123 c.
14. Grishin B. M., Andreev S. Iu., Bikunova M. V., Maliutina T. V., Titov E. A. Ochistka podzemnykh vod ot trudnookisliaemykh form zheleza [Removing iron forms resistant to oxidation from underground water. Penza, Penza State University of Architecture and Construction Publ., 2015, 123 p.].
15. Romanovskii V. I., Khort A. A. Modified anthracites for deironing of underground water. Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology, 2017, v. 39, pp. 299–304.
16. Propolsky D., Romanovskaia E., Kwapinski W., Romanovski V. Modified activated carbon for deironing of underground water. Environmental Research, 2020, v. 182, pp. 108996.
17. Romanovski V. New approach for inert filtering media modification by using precipitates of deironing filters for underground water treatment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020, v. 27 (25), pp. 31706–31714.
18. Chaturvedi S., Dave P. N. Removal of iron for safe drinking water. Desalination, 2012, v. 303, pp. 1–11.
19. Hurynovich A., Ramanovski V. Artifisial replenishment of the deep aquifers. In E3S Web of Conferences. EDP Sciences. 2018, v. 45, p. 00025.
20. Hameed S., Awad H. A., AL-Uqaily R. A. Removal of iron and manganese from ground water by different techniques. The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 2019, v. 50 (4), pp. 458–468.
21. Васильев А. Н. Применение технологии «сухой» фильтрации при обезжелезивании подземных вод // Водоочистка. Водоподготовка. Водоснабжение. 2016. № 8. С. 36–43.
    Vasil’ev A. N. [The use of dry filtration technologies in the process of underground water deferrization]. Vodoochistka. Vodopodgotovka. Vodosnabzhenie, 2016, no. 8, pp. 36–43. (In Russian).
22. Pang F. M., Kumar P., Teng T. T., et. al. Removal of lead, zinc and iron by coagulation-flocculation. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2011, v. 42 (5), pp. 809–815.
23. Tang X., Zheng H., Teng H., et. al. Chemical coagulation process for the removal of heavy metals from water: a review. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2016, v. 57 (4), pp. 1733–1748.
24. Ahmad T., Ahmad K., Ahad A., Alam M. Characterization of water treatment sludge and its reuse as coagulant. Journal of Environmental Management, 2016, v. 182, pp. 606–611.
    Ahmad T., Ahmad K., Alam M. Sustainable management of water treatment sludge through 3 ‘R’concept. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016, v. 124, pp. 1–13.
25. Marsidi N., Hasan H. A., Abdullah S. R. S. A review of biological aerated filters for iron and manganese ions removal in water treatment. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2018, v. 23, pp. 1–12.
26. Li X., Zhang Y., Zhao X., Gao N., Fu T. The characteristics of sludge from enhanced coagulation processes using PAC/PDMDAAC composite coagulants in treatment of micro-polluted raw water. Separation and Purification Technology, 2015, v. 147, pp. 125–131.
27. Chu W. Lead metal removal by recycled alum sludge. Water Research, 1999, v. 33 (13), pp. 3019–3025.
28. Matilainen A., Sillanpää M. Removal of natural organic matter from drinking water by advanced oxidation processes. Chemosphere, 2010, v. 80 (4), pp. 351–365.
29. Wang W., Zhang X., Wang H., et. al. Laboratory study on the adsorption of Mn2+ on suspended and deposited amorphous Al(OH)3 in drinking water distribution systems. Water Research, 2012, v. 46 (13), pp. 4063–4070.
30. Knocke W. R., Conley L., Van Benschoten J. E. Impact of dissolved organic carbon on the removal of iron during water treatment. Water Research, 1992, v. 26 (11), pp. 1515–1522.
31. Zhao F. W., Li X., Yang Y. L. Study on the effect of manganese (II) removal with oxidation and coagulation aid of potassium manganate. In 2009 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IEEE. June 2009, pp. 1–4.
32. El Araby R., Hawash S., El Diwani G. Treatment of iron and manganese in simulated groundwater via ozone technology. Desalination, 2009, v. 249 (3), pp. 1345–1349.
33. Reckhow D. A., Knocke W. R., Kearney M. J., Parks C. A. Oxidation of iron and manganese by ozone. Ozone: Science & Engineering, 1991, v. 13 (6), pp. 675–695.
34. Akbar N. A., Aziz H. A., Adlan M. N. Potential use of ozonation with limestone adsorption in ground treatment: a case study at Kelantan water treatment plant. Journal Technology, 2015, v. 74 (11), pp. 43–50.
35. Romanovski V., Claesson P. M., Hedberg Y. S. Comparison of different surface disinfection treatments of drinking water facilities from a corrosion and environmental perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020, v. 27, pp. 12704–12716.
36. Abdul Aziz H., Shakr S. N. M., Akbar N. A., Alazaiza M. Y. The removal efficiency of iron and manganese from pre-ozonated groundwater using limestone filter. Water Quality Research Journal, 2020, v. 55 (2), pp. 167–183.
37. Kurniawan T. A., Lo W. H., Chan G. Y. Degradation of recalcitrant compounds from stabilized landfill leachate using a combination of ozone-GAC adsorption treatment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2006, v. 137 (1), pp. 443–455.
38. Lei L., Gu L., Zhang X., Su Y. Catalytic oxidation of highly concentrated real industrial wastewater by integrated ozone and activated carbon. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2007, v. 327 (2), pp. 287–294.
39. Reungoat J., Escher B. I., Macova M., et. al. Ozonation and biological activated carbon filtration of wastewater treatment plant effluents. Water Research, 2012, v. 46 (3), pp. 863–872.
40. Scholz M. Iron and manganese removal. Wetlands for water pollution control. Elsevier, 2016, ch. 16, рр. 107–109.
41. Choo K. H., Lee H., Choi S. J. Iron and manganese removal and membrane fouling during UF in conjunction with prechlorination for drinking water treatment. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, v. 267 (1–2), pp. 18–26.
42. Logsdon G. S., Kohne R., Abel S., LaBonde S. Slow sand filtration for small water systems. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science, 2002, v. 1 (5), pp. 339–348.
43. Thompson P., Mbongwa N. W., Rajagopaul R., et. al. The evaluation of biofiltration for the removal of iron and manganese from groundwater. Umgeni Water (internal publication), 2012, pp. 1–13.
44. Pacini V. A., Ingallinella A. M., Sanguinetti G. Removal of iron and manganese using biological roughing up flow filtration technology. Water Research, 2005, v. 39 (18), pp. 4463–4475.
45. Qin S., Ma F., Huang P., Yang J. Fe (II) and Mn (II) removal from drilled well water: A case study from a biological treatment unit in Harbin. Desalination, 2009, v. 245 (1–3), pp. 183–193.
46. Sharma S. K., Petrusevski B., Schippers J. C. Biological iron removal from groundwater: a review. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA, 2005, v. 54 (4), pp. 239–247.
47. Ahmad M. Iron and manganese removal from groundwater: Geochemical modeling of the Vyredox method (Master’s thesis). 2012.
48. Jablonska-Czapla M. Manganese and its speciation in environmental samples using hyphenated techniques: a review. Journal of Elementology, 2015, v. 20 (4), pp.1061–1075.
49. Wang Y., Sikora S., Townsend T. G. Ferrous iron removal by limestone and crushed concrete in dynamic flow columns. Journal of Environmental Management, 2013, v. 124, pp. 165–171.
50. Akbar N. A., Aziz H. A., Adlan M. N. Potential of high quality limestone as adsorbent for iron and manganese removal in groundwater. Journal Technology, 2016, v. 2 (78), pp. 77–82.
51. Outram J. G., Couperthwaite S. J., Millar G. J. Ferrous poisoning of surface MnO2 during manganese greensand operation. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2017, v. 5 (3), pp. 3033–3043.
52. Crittenden J. C., Trussell R. R., Hand D. W., et. al. MWH’s water treatment: principles and design. John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
53. Noubactep C., Caré S. Enhancing sustainability of household water filters by mixing metallic iron with porous materials. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2010, v. 162 (2), pp. 635–642.