№3|2018
ОЧИСТКА СТОЧНЫХ ВОД
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УДК 628.312:54.01
«Новые загрязняющие вещества» (emerging contaminants) в водной среде: зарубежные исследования (обзор)
Аннотация
Рассмотрены научные достижения за период с конца 1990-х годов по настоящее время в области исследований, изучающих присутствие в водной среде «новых загрязняющих веществ» (еmerging contaminants). К ним относятся в основном фармацевтические препараты, запрещенные наркотические средства, ультрафиолетовые фильтры, искусственные заменители сахара, биоциды, их метаболиты и продукты трансформации, а также наноматериалы и микро(нано)пластики. Прогресс в данной сфере стал возможен благодаря внедрению в лабораторную практику аналитических методик на основе жидкостной хроматографии/масс-спектрометрии. Метод позволяет идентифицировать и определять в водной среде полярные загрязняющие вещества, их метаболиты и продукты трансформации на уровне концентраций нг/л. Используемые масс-спектрометрические детекторы характеризуются высокой чувствительностью и селективностью. Представлены усовершенствованные технологические приемы, обеспечивающие более высокую по сравнению с традиционными процессами эффективность удаления новых загрязняющих веществ из сточных вод. Обсуждаются современные подходы к оценке токсичности рассматриваемых загрязняющих веществ в ситуациях, когда низкие концентрации этих веществ в составе смеси препаратов в течение длительного времени воздействуют на нецелевые организмы.
Ключевые слова
сточные воды , водная среда , новые загрязняющие вещества , жидкостная хроматография/масс-спектрометрия , продукты трансформации загрязнений
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